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1. This introduction has benefited from the comments of Ceil Lucas and Richard P. Meier. I would like to thank them for their suggestions. All misinterpretations of the literature and omissions are, of course, my own.

2. Sofinski (2002) also describes contact between ASL and English by addressing the way in which the sign production of interpreters contains features of both languages when they are transliterating. He suggests that signers do not actually shift between languages but rather that mouth and manual-channel articulations guide the user’s perception of the production.

3. Cued Speech is a way to make spoken language visible through the use of manual cues articulated by the cue-er’s hands.

4. Even a “nonagreement analysis” of verbs in sign languages might suggest that sign language verbs reliably point to their objects more often than to their subjects.